Biomimicry first appeared in scientific literature in 1962. It included the ideas of cybernetics and bionics. In fact, bionics was defined as "an attempt to understand sufficiently well the tricks that nature actually uses to solve her problems", and is close to what is meant by biomimicry today. In 1997, Janine Benyus popularised the term with her book "Biomimicry: Design Inspired by Nature". She outlined the following principles: - nature runs on sunlight and uses only the energy it needs - fits form to function - recycles everything - rewards co-operation and banks on diversity - demands local expertise - curbs excesses from within and taps the power of limits Freya Mathew argued that these principles still leave open the possibility that humans will use them to serve human-focused ends without benefitting nature. She recommends adding 2 additional principles: - conativity - the impulse of all living beings and systems "to maintain and increase their own existence" - principle of least resistance - "they do so in a way that involves the least expenditure of effort on their part" --- Sources: Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette, Hervé Arribart, Yves Bouligand, and Clément Sanchez. “Chemists and the School of Nature.” _New Journal of Chemistry_ 26, no. 1 (January 24, 2002): 1–5. [https://doi.org/10.1039/b108504m](https://doi.org/10.1039/b108504m). [[Flourish]]