Ideas referenced: - Jaron Lanier - Saul Kripke - blockchain - commonplace books - Walter Benjamin - work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction Jaron Lanier has an intriguing suggestion that digital documents should be unique and non-copyable. He believes this would restore a sense of context, provenance, and value to them. A copyable digital universe, the one we currently have, is like a sense and reference view of language (cf Frege). All you need is a description of a file. That is its identity. A descriptive view of reference is one which makes it context-independent. A digital universe of unique digital objects is more like a Kripkean view of language. Causal chain matters.