Historian Ken De Bovoise calculates that 775,000 Filipinos died during the Philippine War (1899-1903). Most of the deaths were due to disease: cholera, malaria, dysentry, berberi, rinderpest, tuberculosis, smallpox, and bubonic plague. In contrast, up to mid-1902, the Americans lost only 4,196 men. They had vaccines, fresh water, sanitation, and better food. Many of the diseases started under Spanish rule, but the Americans exacerbated what was already happening. War refugees moved around and spread diseases. They were driven off their farms, leading to malnutrition. Prostitutes came and brought diseases with them. The US Army adopted a strategy called "reconcentration". They herded rural populations into fortified towns or camps, where they could be monitored and controlled. These populations were considered "pacified". Everyone else could be starved, driven from their homes, or just shot. Reconcentration intensifed the effects of disease by mingling populations with different immunities and diseases in unsanitary conditions. --- Source: [[How to Hide an Empire]]