## Metadata - Author: [[Peter C. Brown]] - Full Title: Make It Stick - Category: #books ## Highlights - It makes sense to reread a text once if there’s been a meaningful lapse of time since the first reading, but doing multiple readings in close succession is a time-consuming study strategy that yields negligible benefits at the expense of much more effective strategies that take less time. ([Location 264](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B00JQ3FN7M&location=264)) - Tags: [[blue]] - students who don’t quiz themselves (and most do not) tend to overestimate how well they have mastered class material. Why? When they hear a lecture or read a text that is a paragon of clarity, the ease with which they follow the argument gives them the feeling that they already know it and don’t need to study it. In other words, they tend not to know what they don’t know; when put to the test, they find they cannot recall the critical ideas or apply them in a new context. ([Location 291](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B00JQ3FN7M&location=291)) - Tags: [[blue]] - the most diligent students are often hobbled by two liabilities: a failure to know the areas where their learning is weak—that is, where they need to do more work to bring up their knowledge—and a preference for study methods that create a false sense of mastery. ([Location 297](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B00JQ3FN7M&location=297)) - Tags: [[blue]] - if we stop thinking of testing as a dipstick to measure learning—if we think of it as practicing retrieval of learning from memory rather than “testing,” we open ourselves to another possibility: the use of testing as a tool for learning. ([Location 325](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B00JQ3FN7M&location=325)) - Tags: [[blue]] - In his essay on memory, Aristotle wrote: “exercise in repeatedly recalling a thing strengthens the memory.” Francis Bacon wrote about this phenomenon, as did the psychologist William James. Today, we know from empirical research that practicing retrieval makes learning stick far better than reexposure to the original material does. This is the testing effect, also known as the retrieval-practice effect. ([Location 430](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B00JQ3FN7M&location=430)) - Tags: [[blue]]